Apr 15, 2020 The SafeGuard Management Center connects to BitLocker and FileVault for the control of access credentials and keys and the AES 128/256-bit encryption of either full disks or individual files.
Creates a key in a key vault or imports a key into a key vault.
SyntaxDescription
The Add-AzureKeyVaultKey cmdlet creates a key in a key vault in Azure Key Vault, or imports a key into a key vault.Use this cmdlet to add keys by using any of the following methods:
Generate A New Key For Filevault 2 5Examples
Example 1: Create a key
This command creates a software-protected key named ITSoftware in the key vault named Contoso.
Example 2: Create an HSM-protected key
This command creates an HSM-protected key in the key vault named Contoso.
Example 3: Create a key with non-default values
The first command stores the values decrypt and verify in the $KeyOperations variable.The second command creates a DateTime object, defined in UTC, by using the Get-Date cmdlet.That object specifies a time two years in the future. The command stores that date in the $Expiresvariable. For more information, type
Get-Help Get-Date .The third command creates a DateTime object by using the Get-Date cmdlet. That objectspecifies current UTC time. The command stores that date in the $NotBefore variable.The final command creates a key named ITHsmNonDefault that is an HSM-protected key. The commandspecifies values for allowed key operations stored $KeyOperations. The command specifies times forthe Expires and NotBefore parameters created in the previous commands, and tags for highseverity and IT. The new key is disabled. You can enable it by using the Set-AzureKeyVaultKeycmdlet.
Example 4: Import an HSM-protected key
This command imports the key named ITByok from the location that the KeyFilePath parameterspecifies. The imported key is an HSM-protected key.To import a key from your own hardware security module, you must first generate a BYOK package (a file with a .byok file name extension) by using the Azure Key Vault BYOK toolset.For more information, seeHow to Generate and Transfer HSM-Protected Keys for Azure Key Vault.
Example 5: Import a software-protected key
The first command converts a string into a secure string by using the ConvertTo-SecureStringcmdlet, and then stores that string in the $Password variable. For more information, type
Get-Help ConvertTo-SecureString .The second command creates a software password in the Contoso key vault. The command specifies thelocation for the key and the password stored in $Password.
Example 6: Import a key and assign attributes
The first command converts a string into a secure string by using the ConvertTo-SecureStringcmdlet, and then stores that string in the $Password variable.The second command creates a DateTime object by using the Get-Date cmdlet, and then storesthat object in the $Expires variable.The third command creates the $tags variable to set tags for high severity and IT.The final command imports a key as an HSM key from the specified location. The command specifiesthe expiration time stored in $Expires and password stored in $Password, and applies the tagsstored in $tags.
Parameters
Prompts you for confirmation before running the cmdlet.
The credentials, account, tenant, and subscription used for communication with azure
Specifies whether to add the key as a software-protected key or an HSM-protected key in the Key Vault service.Valid values are: HSM and Software.Note: To use HSM as your destination, you must have a key vault that supports HSMs. For moreinformation about the service tiers and capabilities for Azure Key Vault, see theAzure Key Vault Pricing website.This parameter is required when you create a new key. If you import a key by using theKeyFilePath parameter, this parameter is optional:
Indicates that the key you are adding is set to an initial state of disabled. Any attempt to usethe key will fail. Use this parameter if you are preloading keys that you intend to enable later.
Specifies the expiration time, as a DateTime object, for the key that this cmdlet adds. Thisparameter uses Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). To obtain a DateTime object, use theGet-Date cmdlet. For more information, type
Get-Help Get-Date . If you do not specify thisparameter, the key does not expire.
Vault object.
Specifies a password for the imported file as a SecureString object. To obtain aSecureString object, use the ConvertTo-SecureString cmdlet. For more information, type
Get-Help ConvertTo-SecureString . You must specify this password to import a file with a .pfx filename extension.
Specifies the path of a local file that contains key material that this cmdlet imports.The valid file name extensions are .byok and .pfx.
Specifies an array of operations that can be performed by using the key that this cmdlet adds.If you do not specify this parameter, all operations can be performed.The acceptable values for this parameter are a comma-separated list of key operations as defined bythe JSON Web Key (JWK) specification:
Specifies the name of the key to add to the key vault. This cmdlet constructs the fully qualifieddomain name (FQDN) of a key based on the name that this parameter specifies, the name of the keyvault, and your current environment. The name must be a string of 1 through 63 characters in lengththat contains only 0-9, a-z, A-Z, and - (the dash symbol).
Specifies the time, as a DateTime object, before which the key cannot be used. This parameteruses UTC. To obtain a DateTime object, use the Get-Date cmdlet. If you do not specify thisparameter, the key can be used immediately.
Vault Resource Id.
RSA key size, in bits. If not specified, the service will provide a safe default.
Key-value pairs in the form of a hash table. For example:@{key0='value0';key1=$null;key2='value2'}
Specifies the name of the key vault to which this cmdlet adds the key. This cmdlet constructs theFQDN of a key vault based on the name that this parameter specifies and your current environment.
Shows what would happen if the cmdlet runs.The cmdlet is not run.
Inputs
Parameters: InputObject (ByValue)
OutputsRelated Links
FileVault is a disk encryption program in Mac OS X 10.3 (2003) and later. It performs on-the-fly encryption with volumes on Maccomputers.
Versions and key features[edit]
FileVault was introduced with Mac OS X Panther (10.3),[1] and could only be applied to a user's home directory, not the startup volume. The operating system uses an encrypted sparse disk image (a large single file) to present a volume for the home directory. Mac OS X Leopard and Mac OS X Snow Leopard use more modern sparse bundle disk images[2] which spread the data over 8 MB files (called bands) within a bundle. Apple refers to this original iteration of FileVault as legacy FileVault.[3]
Mac OS X Lion (2011) and newer offer FileVault 2,[3] which is a significant redesign. This encrypts the entire OS X startup volume and typically includes the home directory, abandoning the disk image approach. For this approach to disk encryption, authorised users' information is loaded from a separate non-encrypted boot volume[4] (partition/slice type Apple_Boot).
FileVault[edit]
The original version of FileVault was added in Mac OS X Panther to encrypt a user's home directory.
Master passwords and recovery keys[edit]
When FileVault is enabled the system invites the user to create a master password for the computer. If a user password is forgotten, the master password or recovery key may be used to decrypt the files instead.
Migration[edit]
Migration of FileVault home directories is subject to two limitations:[5]
If Migration Assistant has already been used or if there are user accounts on the target:
If transferring FileVault data from a previous Mac that uses 10.4 using the built-in utility to move data to a new machine, the data continues to be stored in the old sparse image format, and the user must turn FileVault off and then on again to re-encrypt in the new sparse bundle format.
Manual encryption[edit]
Instead of using FileVault to encrypt a user's home directory, using Disk Utility a user can create an encrypted disk image themselves and store any subset of their home directory in there (for example, ~/Documents/private). This encrypted image behaves similar to a Filevault encrypted home directory, but is under the user's maintenance.
Encrypting only a part of a user's home directory might be problematic when applications need access to the encrypted files, which will not be available until the user mounts the encrypted image. This can be mitigated to a certain extent by making symbolic links for these specific files.
Limitations and issues[edit]Backups[edit]
Without Mac OS X Server, Time Machine will back up a FileVault home directory only while the user is logged out. In such cases, Time Machine is limited to backing up the home directory in its entirety. Using Mac OS X Server as a Time Machine destination, backups of FileVault home directories occur while users are logged in.
Because FileVault restricts the ways in which other users' processes can access the user's content, some third party backup solutions can back up the contents of a user's FileVault home directory only if other parts of the computer (including other users' home directories) are excluded.[6][7]
Filevault Vs Filevault 2Issues[edit]
Several shortcomings were identified in Legacy FileVault. Its security can be broken by cracking either 1024-bit RSA or 3DES-EDE.
Legacy FileVault used the CBC mode of operation (see disk encryption theory); FileVault 2 uses stronger XTS-AESW mode. Another issue is storage of keys in the macOS 'safe sleep' mode.[8] A study published in 2008 found data remanence in dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), with data retention of seconds to minutes at room temperature and much longer times when memory chips were cooled to low temperature. The study authors were able to use a cold boot attack to recover cryptographic keys for several popular disk encryption systems, including FileVault, by taking advantage of redundancy in the way keys are stored after they have been expanded for efficient use, such as in key scheduling. The authors recommend that computers be powered down, rather than be left in a 'sleep' state, when not in physical control by the owner.[9]
Early versions of FileVault automatically stored the user's passphrase in the system keychain, requiring the user to notice and manually disable this security hole.
Generate A New Key For File Valut 2017
In 2006, following a talk at the 23rd Chaos Communication Congress titled Unlocking FileVault: An Analysis of Apple's Encrypted Disk Storage System, Jacob Appelbaum & Ralf-Philipp Weinmann released VileFault which decrypts encrypted Mac OS X disk image files.[10]
A free space wipe using Disk Utility left a large portion of previously deleted file remnants intact. Similarly, FileVault compact operations only wiped small parts of previously deleted data.[11]
Filevault For WindowsFileVault 2[edit]Security[edit]
FileVault uses the user's login password as the encryption pass phrase. It uses the AES-XTS mode of AES with 128 bit blocks and a 256 bit key to encrypt the disk, as recommended by NIST.[12][13] Only unlock-enabled users can start or unlock the drive. Once unlocked, other users may also use the computer until it is shut down.[3]
Performance[edit]
The I/O performance penalty for using FileVault 2 was found to be in the order of around 3% when using CPUs with the AES instruction set, such as the Intel Core i and MacOS 10.10.3.[14] Performance deterioration will be larger for CPUs without this instruction set, such as older Core CPUs.
Master passwords and recovery keys[edit]
When FileVault 2 is enabled while the system is running, the system creates and displays a recovery key for the computer, and optionally offers the user to store the key with Apple. The 120 bit recovery key is encoded with all letters and numbers 1 through 9, and read from /dev/random, and therefore relies on the security of the PRNG used in macOS. During a cryptanalysis in 2012, this mechanism was found safe.[15]
Changing the recovery key is not possible without re-encrypting the File Vault volume.[3]
Validation[edit]
Users who use FileVault 2 in OS X 10.9 and above can validate their key correctly works after encryption by running sudo fdesetup validaterecovery in Terminal after encryption has finished. The key must be in form xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx and will return true if correct.[16]
Starting the OS with FileVault 2 without a user account[edit]
If a volume to be used for startup is erased and encrypted before clean installation of OS X 10.7.4 or 10.8:
Apple describes this type of approach as Disk Password—based DEK.[12]
See also[edit]Create New Recovery Key Filevault 2References[edit]
Generate A New Key For Filevault 2 Download
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FileVault&oldid=948339609'
Comments are closed.
|
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |